ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ื”ืœ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’?

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ื’ื ืื•ื”ืœ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ืคืจื˜ ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืื•ื”ืœ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’.

ย 

ืžื”ื• ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื”?

ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ืœ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื—ืœื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืขื ื™ืชื“ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื”ืœ ืขืžื™ื“ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื—ื•ืกืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ. ื™ืฉื ื ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 8 ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื“ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืื• ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื‘ื“ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืืžื™ื ื”.

 

ืžื”ื• ืื•ื”ืœ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’?

ืื•ื”ืœ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ืœ ืžืคื ืง ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืขืฉื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ืืชืจื™ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื•. ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื’'ืงื•ื–ื™ ืžืคื ืง, ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜, ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืื•ื”ืœื™ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื”.

 

ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?

ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื—ื–ืง ืขื ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช, ืงืœ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง, ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฆืœ ื•ืžื›ืกื”. ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื ื•ื—. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืงืœ ืœืกื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“. ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ืœืชื™ืง ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ื›ืฉืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื— ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื”ืœ ืื™ื’ืœื• ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ืืœื ืขืœ ืื•ื”ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื›ื‘.

 

ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ืจื™ืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื” ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืื•ื”ืœ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืชืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื‘ืช PU ืœืื™ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืื˜ื•ื, ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื–ื ื˜ ื‘ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืงืจืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื›ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืื• ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืœื™ื ื”ย  ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ ื’ืœืžืคื™ื ื’ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื•ื”ืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืืชื›ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

 

ืื•ื”ืœ ืขื ืง

ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื’ื

ื‘ืฆืง
ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืฆืง ืกื•ื›ืจ

ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื—ืฉืคื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืœ ื‘ืฆืง ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื“ืจืช

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื–'ื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงืจ
ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉืช

ืคื•ืงืจ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื• ืงื ื‘ืกื™ื? ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืœื•ืง

  ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืกืจื˜
3 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืฃ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“

ืžืชื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฆื—ืงืชื ืฆื—ื•ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘? ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ืื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืžื•ืฉืš? ืื ืืชื

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”
ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื?

ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš. ืฉื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืžืฆื‘ื”
ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื – 3 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ื”

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืœืงื•ืฉื™. ืฉื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืžื ื•ืจื”
3 ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข

ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœ โ€“ 2. ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช?

ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช, ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืžื—ื‘ืจืช
ืคื™ืงืืกื• ื”ื‘ื – 3 ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื

ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš "ื“ื—ื™ืคื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืฉืืชื

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ืคืœื–ืžื”
ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื? ืคื™ืคื 23 ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื ื•?

ืคื™ืคื 23 ื™ื•ืฉืง ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื (ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2023), ืขื ื’ืจืกื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืฆืคืชื”. ืื–

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”
ืื™ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ?

ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืจื•ืง? ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื™ ืคืขื. ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืชืจ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืจื™ืžื–ื”

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป
ื—ื™ื“ื”
ืื™ืœื• ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืชืฉื—ืฆื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื?

ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืชืฉื—ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื

ืงืจืื• ืขื•ื“ ยป